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The era of "anti drug prohibition" is coming, and the abuse of antibiotics is "cooling down"

The era of "anti drug prohibition" is coming, and the abuse of antibiotics is "cooling down"

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  • Time of issue:2020-03-05 10:37
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The era of "anti drug prohibition" is coming, and the abuse of antibiotics is "cooling down"

(Summary description)On April 25, according to outlook Newsweek, the survey found that the concentration of antibiotics in the Yangtze River Basin was high and the water ecosystem was damaged. This can not help but remind people of CCTV news reports. The survey results of the school of public health of Fudan University on thousands of children aged 8-11 and 516 pregnant women in recent years show that 21 kinds of human, veterinary or human and veterinary antibiotics have been detected in children's urine samples, and 79.6% of school-age children have detected one or more antibiotics in their urine, some of which have been banned clinically. In addition, 16 kinds of antibiotics were detected in the urine of pregnant women in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, and the detection rate of one or more antibiotics was 41.6%. The exposure of pregnant women was common and the risk was high.
Veterinary antibiotics are a general term for a class of drugs used in livestock to treat or prevent diseases, or to improve economic benefits by accelerating animal growth.
According to the chemical structure of veterinary antibiotics, veterinary antibiotics can be divided into the following categories:
1. Polypeptides are not easy to produce drug resistance and cross resistance with human antibiotics. It mainly includes bacitracin zinc, colistin, virginiamycin, thiopeptomycin, persistent mycin, enramycin and avomycin. The Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 2010 contains bacitracin zinc, thiocolin raw materials and preparations.
2. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Continuous low concentration administration has a good growth promoting effect, but tetracycline antibiotics are shared by humans and animals and are easy to produce drug resistance. Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 2010 contains tetracycline hydrochloride, doxycycline hydrochloride (doxycycline), Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride and other raw materials and preparations.
3. Macrolide, which is the general name of antibiotics with macrolide ring produced by actinomycetes or Micromonospora. It is alkaline because it contains amino sugar. These antibiotics can inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, penicillin resistant Staphylococcus and mycoplasma. It mainly includes tylosin, beilimycin, erythromycin and spiramycin. The Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 2010 contains varieties and preparations of kitasamycin, kitasamycin tartrate, erythromycin, erythromycin lactose, erythromycin thiocyanate, tylosin, tylosin tartrate, tylosin phosphate, tilmicosin, etc.
4. Phosphorus containing polysaccharides. These antibiotics are particularly effective against drug-resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. They have the characteristics of large molecular weight, not easy to be digested, absorbed and excreted quickly, resulting in their wide use in Europe and America, among which Flavomycin and macromycin are more common.
5. Polyether antibiotics have a wide antibacterial spectrum and have the function of ion transport. They are not only good growth promoters, but also effective anticoccidial agents. It is hardly absorbed and has no residue in the animal digestive tract. Monensin, salinomycin, lassarimycin and Maduramycin are commonly used.
6、 β- Lactam antibiotics, Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia, 2010 edition, contains raw materials and preparations such as benzathine penicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, oxacillin sodium, ampicillin, cloxacillin sodium, procaine penicillin, ceftiofur sodium and ceftiofur.
8. Chemical synthetic antibiotics are being phased out because of their large side effects. Most of them are only allowed to be veterinary drugs rather than feed additives. Such antibiotics include sulfonamides, amides, alcohols, etc.
1910
German doctor Ehrlich invented asvanamin, which can kill syphilis bacteria invading the human body.
1928
British microbiologist Alexander Fleming first discovered penicillin with anti Staphylococcus aureus activity from Penicillium, and entered the golden age of antibiotics. In the Second World War, penicillin, as a first-line medicinal antibiotic, saved thousands of lives and became famous for a time.
1939 to 1943
Selman Waxman isolated 10000 strains of actinomycetes from soil and found that 10 of them could produce antibiotics that could inhibit pathogenic bacteria. In 1943, he isolated streptomycin from Streptomyces and systematically defined the concept of "antibiotic" for the first time. Aureomycin (1947), chloramphenicol (1948), oxytetracycline (1950), nystatin (1950), erythromycin (1952) and kanamycin (1958) were found during this period.
1950
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antibiotics as feed additives for the first time.
1956
Vancomycin appeared.
1961-1980s
The era of semi synthetic penicillin, cephalosporin, semi synthetic tetracycline and semi synthetic erythromycin began.
1962-1990s
Quinolones.
The continuous develo

  • Categories:Company news
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2020-03-05 10:37
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Information

On April 25, according to outlook Newsweek, the survey found that the concentration of antibiotics in the Yangtze River Basin was high and the water ecosystem was damaged. This can not help but remind people of CCTV news reports. The survey results of the school of public health of Fudan University on thousands of children aged 8-11 and 516 pregnant women in recent years show that 21 kinds of human, veterinary or human and veterinary antibiotics have been detected in children's urine samples, and 79.6% of school-age children have detected one or more antibiotics in their urine, some of which have been banned clinically. In addition, 16 kinds of antibiotics were detected in the urine of pregnant women in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, and the detection rate of one or more antibiotics was 41.6%. The exposure of pregnant women was common and the risk was high.
Veterinary antibiotics are a general term for a class of drugs used in livestock to treat or prevent diseases, or to improve economic benefits by accelerating animal growth.
According to the chemical structure of veterinary antibiotics, veterinary antibiotics can be divided into the following categories:
1. Polypeptides are not easy to produce drug resistance and cross resistance with human antibiotics. It mainly includes bacitracin zinc, colistin, virginiamycin, thiopeptomycin, persistent mycin, enramycin and avomycin. The Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 2010 contains bacitracin zinc, thiocolin raw materials and preparations.
2. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Continuous low concentration administration has a good growth promoting effect, but tetracycline antibiotics are shared by humans and animals and are easy to produce drug resistance. Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 2010 contains tetracycline hydrochloride, doxycycline hydrochloride (doxycycline), Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride and other raw materials and preparations.
3. Macrolide, which is the general name of antibiotics with macrolide ring produced by actinomycetes or Micromonospora. It is alkaline because it contains amino sugar. These antibiotics can inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, penicillin resistant Staphylococcus and mycoplasma. It mainly includes tylosin, beilimycin, erythromycin and spiramycin. The Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 2010 contains varieties and preparations of kitasamycin, kitasamycin tartrate, erythromycin, erythromycin lactose, erythromycin thiocyanate, tylosin, tylosin tartrate, tylosin phosphate, tilmicosin, etc.
4. Phosphorus containing polysaccharides. These antibiotics are particularly effective against drug-resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. They have the characteristics of large molecular weight, not easy to be digested, absorbed and excreted quickly, resulting in their wide use in Europe and America, among which Flavomycin and macromycin are more common.
5. Polyether antibiotics have a wide antibacterial spectrum and have the function of ion transport. They are not only good growth promoters, but also effective anticoccidial agents. It is hardly absorbed and has no residue in the animal digestive tract. Monensin, salinomycin, lassarimycin and Maduramycin are commonly used.
6、 β- Lactam antibiotics, Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia, 2010 edition, contains raw materials and preparations such as benzathine penicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, oxacillin sodium, ampicillin, cloxacillin sodium, procaine penicillin, ceftiofur sodium and ceftiofur.
8. Chemical synthetic antibiotics are being phased out because of their large side effects. Most of them are only allowed to be veterinary drugs rather than feed additives. Such antibiotics include sulfonamides, amides, alcohols, etc.
1910
German doctor Ehrlich invented asvanamin, which can kill syphilis bacteria invading the human body.
1928
British microbiologist Alexander Fleming first discovered penicillin with anti Staphylococcus aureus activity from Penicillium, and entered the golden age of antibiotics. In the Second World War, penicillin, as a first-line medicinal antibiotic, saved thousands of lives and became famous for a time.
1939 to 1943
Selman Waxman isolated 10000 strains of actinomycetes from soil and found that 10 of them could produce antibiotics that could inhibit pathogenic bacteria. In 1943, he isolated streptomycin from Streptomyces and systematically defined the concept of "antibiotic" for the first time. Aureomycin (1947), chloramphenicol (1948), oxytetracycline (1950), nystatin (1950), erythromycin (1952) and kanamycin (1958) were found during this period.
1950
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antibiotics as feed additives for the first time.
1956
Vancomycin appeared.
1961-1980s
The era of semi synthetic penicillin, cephalosporin, semi synthetic tetracycline and semi synthetic erythromycin began.
1962-1990s
Quinolones.
The continuous development of antibiotics in human health is also bringing a revolution to animal husbandry. The history of antibiotic application in animal husbandry can be traced back to the United States and Europe in the 20th century. Moore and other scholars first reported in 1946 that adding a small amount of streptomycin to chicken feed can promote the growth and development of chicks. Since then, Jukes published the experimental report on adding antibiotics to pig feed for the first time in 1950. Since then, a large number of experimental studies have proved that antibiotics can promote animal growth.
In addition, the application of antibiotics can also improve the reproductive performance of breeding animals and reduce mortality. The experimental results summarized by cnohiwell in 1991 showed that the use of antibiotics increased the conception rate of sows by 7% and the litter yield.
In 1994, the Ministry of agriculture of China issued the catalogue of permitted varieties of feed drug additives for the first time, (nongmufa [1994]) began to list antibiotic additives as feed additives. After decades of development, China has become a big country in the use of antibiotics. However, with the gradual deepening of people's understanding of the side effects of antibiotics, China began to restrict and prohibit the use of some antibiotics, and also began to strengthen the supervision of the abuse of antibiotics.
1. Bacteria develop drug resistance and "superbacteria" appear.
Bacterial drug resistance appears with the use of antibiotics. Generally, the corresponding drug-resistant strains will appear within 2 years after a new drug is put into use, but the abuse of antibiotics will accelerate the emergence of this process and make a bacterium resistant to a variety of antibiotics, so there is a "superbacterium". The abuse of antibiotics in the breeding industry will not only affect the human body through the food chain, but also lead to the intake of these antibiotics and the drug resistance of newborns after pregnant women eat meat, eggs, milk and aquatic products with a large number of antibiotic residues.
2. It causes the decline of animal immune function and the increase of death.
Farmers rely too much on antibiotics, fail to form a good awareness of healthy breeding, and use a large number of antibiotics for a long time, which destroys the animal intestinal microbial system, resulting in the decline of animal immunity, resistance, anti toxicity and anti external infection, resulting in frequent secondary diseases.
3. Destroy human immunity
Exposure to veterinary antibiotics can lead to obesity and precocious puberty in children. Antibiotics cannot be metabolized completely after entering human body and animals through drinking water or edible aquatic products. After long-term intake, antibiotics follow the blood circulation throughout multiple organs, resulting in the gradual reduction of immunity. In addition, it will also lead to drug resistance in the human body, and finally cultivate super drug-resistant bacteria, which may lead to the situation of no drug availability.
China is the largest producer and user of antibiotics in the world. Naturally, it is the hardest hit area of antibiotic abuse and bacterial drug resistance, especially in the field of animal husbandry. There have been several landmark events of food safety.
In 2001, Austria, Germany and some other Western European countries successively exported prawns to China containing chloramphenicol. Finally, the EU discussed and adopted a resolution to completely ban the import of all animal derived products from China. The chloramphenicol incident was triggered!
According to incomplete statistics, the total number of China's aquatic products export enterprises to the EU in 2001 was 95. In 2002, the average loss suffered by each enterprise due to the EU ban was between 3-5 million US dollars, and the total export trade amount of 95 enterprises to the EU aquatic products was 623 million US dollars. Since then, the United States, Japan and other countries have also warned China's export of aquatic products.
In the absence of a prescription system, a district and County veterinary drug operator said in an interview with the media that veterinary antibiotics are basically "buy as much as you want". Only one antibiotic called zhiyuanjing can sell more than 100 kilograms a year.
The "barbaric growth" of antibiotics began to gradually become a pain point for society and the government, which also gave birth to a series of targeted standards and laws. At the same time, it also gave ordinary people a preliminary understanding of the harm of veterinary antibiotics. In fact, except for China, the road of "prohibition and resistance" in all countries in the world has begun early.
Sweden took the lead in banning the use of growth promoting antibiotics in 1986; Ten years later, by 2006, the EU completely banned the use of growth promoting antibiotics; Two years later, in 2008, Tyson, Smithfield, Cargill and other international meat processing giants in the United States took the initiative to stop adding growth promoting antibiotics to feed. In 2014, the United States announced that growth promoting antibiotics would be gradually banned in the next three years.
In 2016, China began the road of "banning resistance". In 2017, colistin sulfate was prohibited from being added to feed. In 2019, Document No. 194 of the Ministry of agriculture and rural areas stipulates that the use of all growth promoting drugs and feed additives other than traditional Chinese medicine in feed shall be completely prohibited from 2020. This means that the national animal breeding industry will comprehensively usher in a new development period of "banning resistance", "reducing resistance" and "replacing resistance".
The most direct point of "anti drug prohibition" is the problem of antibiotic residue. It is of great significance to solve the problem of antibiotic residue whether from the technical, management or detection technology level. National management is of great significance to the of antibiotic residues, and detection technology is an important method for enterprises to comply with legal standards and avoid risks.
Main detection methods of antibiotic residues in livestock and poultry products
Generally speaking, the muscles, fat, liver, kidney, milk and eggs of all kinds of livestock, poultry and fish can become the sites polluted by antibiotic residues. According to the different detection principles, the conventional detection methods of antibiotic residues mainly include biological detection method and physical and chemical detection method.
1. Biological detection methods mainly include microbial detection, immunoassay and biosensor methods
Microbial detection of antibiotics is a classical method, which can directly and specifically reflect the antibacterial activity of antibiotics. The principle is that antibiotics can inhibit the metabolism and function of microorganisms. Using this property, the qualitative or quantitative analysis of antibiotic residues in samples can be realized. The representative methods of microbial detection of antibiotic residues mainly include dilution method, turbidity method, agar diffusion method and microbial receptor detection method. Microbiological detection method has low cost, but it takes a long time and has low sensitivity. It is only applicable to the detection of a small number of samples in the laboratory and the initial screening of samples. When positive samples appear, other methods need to be used for further determination.
Immunoassay is a method to detect antibiotic residues by using the specific combination of antigen and antibody. Representative methods mainly include chemiluminescence immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunoassay, fluorescence immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, immunosensor and so on. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay is the most widely used method in immunoassay. With the development of enzyme preparation, antibody preparation and other technologies in recent years, this technology has developed rapidly and has been recognized by many countries, but the detection cost is higher than other methods.
2. Physical and chemical detection methods mainly include capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, liquid-mass spectrometry and supercritical fluid chromatography.
With the development of science and technology and the improvement of separation and analysis technology, the molecular structure and components of antibiotics are more clear, so many antibiotic detection methods are changed to high performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry and other instrumental detection methods, which are accurate and fast.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most common and effective method for the detection of antibiotic residues in China because of its good separation efficiency, high sensitivity and fast separation speed. The detectors used mainly include ultraviolet detector, fluorescence detector and two-stage tube array detector. For example, most macrolide antibiotics have strong absorption under UV, so ultraviolet detector (UV) is commonly used to detect oxytetracycline, tetracycline, aureomycin and doxycycline in muscle, pig liver, chicken and beef.
The combination technology of chromatography and mass spectrometry combines the effective separation ability of liquid chromatography with the qualitative function of mass spectrometry, which is equivalent to equipping liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer as a detector, so liquid-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is produced. The combination of chromatography and mass spectrometry can improve the reliability, accuracy and sensitivity of qualitative and quantitative analysis of antibiotics. It is of great significance for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace and trace components in complex compounds.
In terms of management at the national level, the Ministry of agriculture has also begun to focus on the management of veterinary antibiotics affecting the safety of animal derived food, eliminate varieties with potential safety hazards, prohibit lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin from sharing antibiotics for food animals, and prohibit colistin sulfate premix from promoting animal growth; Monitor the residues of 70 veterinary drugs in 9 categories of main livestock and poultry products such as pork and chicken; To monitor the resistance of 5 main bacteria to 16 kinds of veterinary antibiotics in animal farms such as pigs, poultry and dairy cows

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